Discussion questions and participation questions...will load the rest Essay

Discussion questions and participation questions...will load the rest of participation questions - Essay Example The only risk that existed is associated with the value of the investment. Corporation can also issue commercial paper in the form of bonds to raise capital as well. Bonds are sold in lots of $1000 face value bonds that pay a predetermined coupon or interest rate. All corporations that are publicly traded in the United States is obligated to comply with the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. Sarbanes Oxley (SOX) was created in order to protect investors and create greater accountability in order to raise investor confidence in the reliability of the financial markets. A provision that affected the way accounting firm perform business with companies is the prohibition of accounting doing both the audits and other types of business contracts with the same firm. Now the accounting audits are performed by independent auditors. A company can become delisted it fails to comply with the Sarbanes Oxley violation. For example a company that is caught cooking up the numbers could face severe penalties from the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC). Trademarks can add a lot of value to the corporation if they are properly marketed. The legal protection the trademark provides ensures that other firm cannot imitate their trademark names and other types of intellectual property. If another company or individual violates the trademark of a company the firm that is hurt can sue the person or corporation responsible for the trademark violation. Two companies that have been able to penetrate global marketplaces due to its trademark property are McDonald’s and Starbucks Cafà ©. It takes on the average 16 years and $800 million dollars to develop a new drug. Due to the high cost of developing prescription drugs is the reason why so many drugs are so expensive. Patents provide social justice to business for their investment. A patent creates a temporary monopoly for the holder of the patent. Companies can charge whatever price they please during the protected period due to the fact

Animal Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Animal Behaviour Essay Animals and their behaviour has been fascinating to behold and even more incredible to experience. Humans have been intrigued at how the most basic creatures can do the most complex things. Ethology or the scientific study of animal behaviour is responsible for numerous breakthroughs in the understanding of the animal world, and in turn the human one. Animal behaviour can range from being altruistic, to funny, to being lessons in teamwork and commitment. Dolphins have been observed to help sick or injured animals, swimming under them for hours at a time and pulling them to the surface so they can breathe. Male emperor penguins form a huddle during the cold and dark winter months where from tens to thousands of penguins lean on each other and gradually shift positions to obtain maximum warmth from the core of the huddle. Geese fly in a V formation as a flock to increase flight efficiency by 71% compared to one goose flying alone. Malaysian ants blow themselves up into a thousand bits of organic dust if they sense a threat to their colony. Elephants are known to mourn their dead. They stand around the body for days and pay respects to the dead elephant by touching their trunks to its body. Many animals, from earthworms to apes, are capable of learned behavior. They can alter their instinctive behavior by drawing on past experiences. With the help of technology, today scientists are able to find out much more about animal behaviour and the ways animals interact. If scientists in the Smithsonian can teach orangutans simple language using computers they can also find out if other animals think like humans. The knowledge they gain will help save wildlife and prevent endangered species from disappearing. So lets hear it for the creepies and crawlies, the slimies and furries who have successfully learnt to establish and protect territories, find food and water, court, mate, reproduce, nurture their young, and play in a mind-boggling array of conditions far beyond our fragile human capacity. â€Å"God gave unto the animals wisdom past our power to see: Each knows innately how to live. Which we must learn laboriously†.

Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

When I was in elementary school, I loved to read. I was a total nerd back then ... okay maybe I still am, but one thing has changed. Now I don't so much like reading. My favorite poet was Shel Silverstein, who wrote "Where the Sidewalk Ends." He seemed like he was a total hippie, but that's cool because I like hippies. My grandma is a recovering hippie. I like her too. Anyway, Shel Silverstein wrote about the coolest things. He wrote about magical erasers, eating whales and a boy with long hair flying away from people who were taunting him. He captured all of the things that I loved without knowing that I actually loved them. Now you may ask, how does this hippie relate to our graduation? Well, he wrote a poem entitled "Traffic Light" and this is how it goes: "The traffic light simply would not turn green So the people stopped to wait As the traffic rolled and the wind blew cold And the hour grew dark and late "Zoom-varuum, trucks, trailers, Bikes and limousines, Clatterin' by - me oh my! Won't that light turn green? "But the days turned weeks, and the weeks turned months And there on that corner they stood, Twiddlin' their thumbs till the changin' comes The way good people should. "And if you walk by that corner now, You may think it's rather strange To see them there as they hopefully gaze With the very same smile on their very same face As they patiently stand in the very same place And wait for the light to change." Last year I took Ms. Gilbert. A good chunk of you have as well. For those of you who didn't , if you looked around and saw pathetic-looking, sleep-deprived zombies, those were Ms. Abbott's victims ... I mean students. As a direct result of her class, I cannot do anything without finding symbolism in it. Darn her for making me find meaning in life. What a concept! The poem "Traffic Light" is dripping with symbolism. We, the class of 2003, have been standing at a traffic light.

Coca-Cola Company Struggles with Ethical Issues Essay

Many of the ethical issues surfaced when Warren Buffet resigned in 2006 and Doug Ivester took over. Ivester lacked leadership and as a result, the company faced many ethical issues. Ivester tenure was symbolic in that it was short-lived. This was a serious public relations glitch for a company who for so long, performed flawlessly. Ivester was replaced by Doug Daft, the former president and chief operating officer. Unfortunately, Daft had no success in derailing the controversies. In early 2000, Coca-cola was embroiled in ethical scandals such as racial discrimination, misrepresenting market test and manipulating earnings. Text Questions 1. Why do you think Coca-Cola has had one ethical issue to resolve after another over the last decade or so? In 2000, Coca-Cola failed to make the top ten of Fortune’s annual â€Å"America’s Most Admired Companies† list for the first time in a decade. Many believe this was a direct result of the contamination scare in June of 1999. 30 Belgian kids became ill after consuming Coca-Cola. Rather than come out right away and defends its product, Coca-Cola took several days to respond. I believe that as a result of this global crisis, Coca-Cola panicked and spiraled out of control. This company was operating on a high level for a decade and to be hit with such a scandal rocked the foundation the core. 2. A news analyst said that coca-cola could become the next Enron. Do you think this is possible? I do not believe that this case is similar to Enron. Enron’s culture was one of greed and win-at-all-cost mentality. Enron leadership created an atmosphere of invincibility. This was evident by the â€Å"rank-and-yank† system implemented to rid of those who were rated at the bottom 20 percent. This forced employees to engage in questionable practices in order to maintain their standing within the company.

Learning Chinese: A fashionable trend Essay

Learning mandarin has caught the attention of millions of people, emerging as a new must have language in many Asian countries, Europe and the USA, having many desperately trying to master one of the world’s hardest languages. Mandarin is seen as a key skill for people hitching their futures to China’s economic rise, bringing huge benefits and advantages. Since English is spoken so universally, it no longer offers companies and employees the edge it once did. As China is rising, the world is embracing Mandarin, where it is spoken by one out of every six people on earth. In South Korea, there was an increase of 66% over the past five years of students learning the Chinese language. Japanese secondary schools have also been offering mandarin courses, the most taught foreign language after English. Moreover, Thailand’s Ministry of Education has decided to include Mandarin education in all high schools starting 2008, and later on planning to expand it to junior high and elementary. Chinese is daunting to learn for many, because of the tones used in speech, and the thousands of characters that must be memorized to be considered literate. Nevertheless, this has created a flourish in language centers, educational programs and improvement of electronic dictionaries teaching mandarin, as several countries such as the U.S just don’t have enough trained mandarin teachers. â€Å"The level of interest is high, but the level of expertise is low,† says Scott Mc Ginnis, an academic adviser at the Defense language Institute in Washington. The Chinese language was once discriminated against during the Cold War, being considered the language of the enemy. Right wing governments in Asian countries feared their regime would be toppled by the spread of communism. However, there are no longer any prejudices against the language, and even considered fashionable. Many teenagers have used pop icons as an inspiration for learning the Chinese language, in hopes of decoding what is said during popular watched soaps and songs lyrics. â€Å"Since Chinese is the language spoken by the largest population, in addition to many markets which have flourished in China, learning Mandarin would be a great benefit, since its is expected for China to become a hub for the future economy,† commented Yeh, a Taiwanese 8th grader, fortunately having Chinese as her mother tongue.image00.png As China’s economic clout grows, learning Mandarin offers a strategic advantage such as reducing misunderstandings. Even though many predict it wouldn’t overtake English as the common language, mastering the language would provide an edge in the 21st century. America Losing Its Dominanceimage01.png The U.S has steadily begun to lose its dominance in areas such as science, and innovation against Europe and Asian countries such as Japan, China, Singapore and Taiwan. Foreign advances in science often exceed America’s, as industrializing countries are catching up aggressively. David Baltimore, president of the California Institute of Technology and a 1975 Nobel laureate in Medicine, puts it bluntly: â€Å"We can’t hope to keep intact our standard of living, our national security, our way of life, if Americans aren’t competitive in science. Period.† European scientists have been making vast achievements, such as detecting methane in the atmosphere of planet Mars. In addition, Asia has been growing technology and innovative wise, seeing output number of papers skyrocketing to a peak. The stance that America has in the scientific world is being shaken, competed and rivaled by foreigners. Even though many say President Bush is to blame by failing to provide enough money for research, the charge has been denied, stating that research budgets during the Bush administrations have been higher than ever before. image02.png The numbers of doctorates and scientists have been falling drastically these previous years according to Dr. Hicks of Georgia Tech. Scientific papers have been falling by 10% due to rising foreign competition, and also a brain drain crisis. The number of doctoral students from China, India and Taiwan planning to stay in the United States began to fall by the hundreds, returning to their own countries. These numbers are significant since researchers from foreign countries account for more than a quarter of industrial patents awarded each year in the U.S. â€Å"After the September 11 crisis, and tightening security on visas, I no longer want to go to the U.S for higher education as it is complicated, and would rather go elsewhere†. Taiwan and Singapore are surging way ahead of the U.S in electronics, and China rapidly growing on medical apparatus. These cause fewer skilled jobs in America, and a decrease of discoveries and innovations. Several private groups in Washington have begun to promote industrial vigor, and agitate for action in order for the U.S to have a place in the scientific society. Since science and technology are key to economic growth and prosperity, Jennifer Bond, the U.S. council’s vice president for international affairs stated, â€Å"They’re [foreign countries] catching up to us,† warning Americans not to â€Å"rest on our laurels.†

20 Psychology Research Paper Topics and Ideas

20 Psychology Research Paper Topics and Ideas Beyond doubt, psychology is one of the most interesting and diverse sciences to study and research. Nowadays, it is present in the social, personal, and professional spheres of human life, having a considerable influence on them and related conscious and subconscious factors. As a result, both a professional psychologist and a college student who studies therapy for his masters degree would be able to find a great variety of psychology paper topics and ideas to research. To find a good topic for the psychology research paper, you may search for aspiration and original ideas in specialized libraries, related books, and articles. While searching for the topic, it is important to keep in mind that it should be narrow enough, so the writer could adequately cover all the necessary subjects and not overwhelm the text with insufficient information. Also, it is crucial for the author of the paper to follow the guidelines provided by the professor or the instructor and pick up the topic from within the related course. For example, an abnormal psychology course may require the student to research various psychological disorders and related issues whereas a criminal psychology course may require researching the psychology of Jury selection or the efficiency of anger management and applying different behavioral patterns to violent offenders. Topic and Ideas for Psychology Research Paper Below you can find examples of topics for psychology research paper: 1. The Underlying Causes of Prejudice and Discrimination In such a paper, you may define basic causes of prejudice and discrimination, explore their roots and triggers, and provide several efficient solutions. Moreover, it is a great idea to use a number of statistical figures and facts to support your claims and convince the audience. All the necessary sources for this paper may be found in official reports and specialized journals on criminal justice and psychology. 2. Major Modern Social Influences on Teenagers This topic should include detailed research on the influence of the social media platforms and the Internet on teenagers, as well as the influence of the family environment, social environment, and other related factors. It is also highly recommended that you support the claim with statistical facts and find the relation between the provided figures and behavioral patterns of the young people. 3. Social Identity and Its Role in the Modern Society This topic may appear to be both captivating and challenging at the same time as the researcher has to explore the notion of social identity and its place in the modern world. Besides, it would be necessary to compare the role of social identity with the other roles that have a significant influence on people today. The sources on the topic may be found in specialized libraries and journal articles about social issues. 4. Causes of Eating Disorders among Teenagers Nowadays, the number of teenagers who suffer from eating disorders continues to grow rapidly. From that perspective, you may research the main causes and triggers for these disorders among young people and suggest a range of efficient solutions. All the supportive materials may be found in official reports provided by medical institutions, peer-reviewed articles on eating disorders, and previous topical research. 5. Autism and Modern Society In this paper, the author has to provide the definition of autism and a short description of this complex neurobehavioral condition, mention the most popular ways of treatment that are widely used nowadays, and explore the role of people with autism in the modern society. Because autism is considered to be a neurobehavioral condition, the supportive information may be found in specialized medical journals and official reports provided by Autism Research Institute and a range of healthcare organizations. 6. The Most Efficient Ways to Recover from Amnesia and Memory Loss This captivating topic requires the writer to conduct detailed research on the issue, make a thorough comparison of the most common ways to recover from amnesia and memory loss and define the most efficient of them. In this way, the researcher has to use facts and pieces of evidence to support his or her claims and convince the audience of the benefits of the discussed approaches. The research may be based on previous research on amnesia and memory loss and peer-reviewed topical articles. 7. Major Factors that Influence Problem-Solving Abilities in Teenagers This topic requires the researcher to study all the factors that can have both positive and negative effects on problem-solving abilities in teenagers and define the most common of them. Besides, it is important to evaluate factors related to different spheres of teenager life that usually include different social and personal aspects. Valuable information on the topic may be provided by official police reports, psychological research on problem-solving abilities in teenagers, and scientific articles. 8. Factors that Provoke Violence in Children For this paper, the writer has to define a range of factors that cause violent behavior in children and make their thorough evaluation. For sure, among them, you could mention physical punishment that is used by the family members and psychological violence of the family members at home. Official reports provided by the police usually contain all the necessary information on violence in children and provide valuable statistical facts that may be used as support material for the research paper. 9. Factors that Influence Language Learning Abilities in Children Every child has individual language learning capabilities. However, there is a range of factors that may improve or decrease the efficiency of language learning in general. These are motivation, support of the family members or their disapproval, learning environment, age, and even teaching strategies. 10. Factors that Cause Anorexia in Children Low self-esteem, neuroticism and perfectionism, strong negative emotions and depression, regular stress or life in a stressful environment, anxiety, and pessimism belong to the list of the most common factors that cause anorexia in children. Besides, you could cover the factor of overvaluing body image and evaluate its significant influence on the self-worth definition in early ages. 11. The Most Common Anxiety Disorders in the Modern Society In today’s world, the most common anxiety disorders are panic disorder, acute stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and social phobia. In fact, anxiety disorders are the most spread mental disorders that affect almost one-third of the world population. Therefore, it is highly important to make detailed research on the point and discuss the most efficient ways of treatment. 12. The Primary Causes of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are a problem that continues to spread all over the world. The main contributors to this problem are the feelings of inadequacy, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and stressful environments. To convey the topic to the reader more fully, you could include some related statistical facts and discuss the ways of decreasing the causes mentioned above. 13. Suicidal Tendencies in the Modern Society Because suicide is known as one of the most spread causes of death, it is important to discuss attempted suicides and their successfulness, the connection between suicide and marital status, alcohol or drug addiction, and psychological disorders. 14. Psychopaths in the Modern Society Professionals claim that psychopaths are one of the most dangerous groups of individuals with psychological problems, as their mental condition forces them to lose the sense of right and wrong, cause emotional and physical harm to people, and ignore the feelings and rights of others. These people experience the lack of morality, they are cold-hearted and have excellent manipulator skills, and these features allow them to climb career ladder fast, hold leadership positions, and cause significant harm to the people around. Therefore, it is highly important to learn how to distinguish them in the crowd, deal with them, and avoid the risks of becoming their victim. 15. The Causes of Bulimia While the causes of bulimia are still not defined, there is a range of contributing factors that are related to genetic, psychological, and even environmental aspects that include media and billboard photos. The main of them are stressful changes in life, psychological trauma, and low self-esteem. The causes of bulimia are usually described in numerous specialized articles and previous research on eating disorders. 16. The Main Causes of Antisocial Behavior Antisocial behavior is a very common psychological disorder that forces people to behave in a disruptive and hostile way. The main causes that may be discussed in the research paper are domestic violence, drug, and alcohol-addicted parents, sexual abuse and harassment, and the influence of violent media. 17. Mood Disorders in Teenagers This paper requires the author to conduct research on mood disorders in teenagers, define the most common of them, find out their reasons, and the ways of treatment. All the information on the issue may be found in specialized journals and books. 18. Schizophrenia, Its Main Causes, and Ways of Treatment Nowadays, schizophrenia is one of the most common severe mental disorders. Therefore, it is important for the researcher to evaluate emotional life events as its major triggers and evaluate the efficiency of medications therapy and psychosocial treatment. 19. The Impact of Violent Music on Teenagers Since many teenagers like violent music, it is highly important to research its influence on them. To complete the research, you could use topical scholarly articles, compare statistics provided on the official resources, or discuss your personal experience. 20. The Formation of Habits This captivating topic requires the writer to provide a thorough analysis of the process of habit formation and evaluate the process of regular repetition that gradually becomes habitual or automatic. The sources for this research may be found in specialized psychological journals, scholarly studies, and related books. Conclusion Taking into consideration the fact that psychology provides a vast range of sophisticated and captivating topics and ideas for research and discussion, it is important to use your analytical skills in order to approach the issue, provide a claim, and support it with facts and pieces of evidence. All the information necessary for the research may be collected from specialized journals, previous research, and other related reliable materials. Thus, writing a psychology research paper is a great way to discover more information about social and behavioral patterns, and understand people better.

The Interrupters Essay Essays

The Interrupters Essay Essays The Interrupters Essay Essay The Interrupters Essay Essay Gang force is a major job in many topographic points in many topographic points. and if the Interrupters maintain up and spread out their work. it could be lessened. Harmonizing to the US legal web site. â€Å"Gang force means condemnable and non political Acts of the Apostless of force committed by a group of people who on a regular basis engage in condemnable activity against guiltless people. † ( UsLegal. com ) In the film The Interrupters. by Steve James and Alex Kotlowitz. there is a group of force interrupters that are working on disrupting and halting force in Chicago. The pack force has gotten out of control. and there are many guiltless people and immature kids being killed because of this pack force. A solution to this job would be for the force interrupters to maintain making what they are making. but besides seek to spread out their group and happen more people to assist them out disrupting force. Although the job of pack force may neer really disappear wholly. the interrupters are making a good occupation of halting it so far. and it can merely acquire better from here. In order to assist work out the job of pack force. the interrupters merely necessitate to maintain up what they are making and acquire more people to assist them. It is a really good thought that the interrupters have all one time been involved in pack force or something of the kind. Then. the people that they are seeking to assist can associate to them alternatively of believing they are merely some kind of authorization figure seeking to state them what to make. it is a batch easier for the people in packs to associate to person who one time was besides in a pack. The interrupters can speak to the people about how they were one time in packs and how much their life has turned around since recognizing that that was non a good life style to populate. In the film. every individual that the interrupters had worked with ended up recognizing that what they were making was non a good live to populate. and by the terminal of the film. all of them were seeking to acquire their lives on a better path. For illustration. Flamo. who Cobe could hardly even acquire to speak to him or listen to anything he said. had a occupation and was happy to be working. At the get downing Flamo was merely worried about drugs and desiring to kill people. but Cobe did non give up on him. and at the terminal he had a occupation and was non making that material any longer. Capryshia was another 1 that was highly difficult to work with. but by the terminal they had gotten to her. and she was go toing school and acquiring her life on path. Although the interrupters may non be able to wholly halt pack force. they are decidedly acquiring someplace with it. They have helped many people to recognize that pack force is non a good manner to populate your life. It merely takes clip. and finally over clip we could stop up seeing a batch less gang force. All we need is for people like this to maintain working at it and acquiring more people to assist them accomplish this end. Some people might state that the interrupters are non assisting the pack force because of the sum of pack force that still exists. They might state that it is non even worth the interrupters clip because merely a few people are acquiring helped. and merely some pack force is acquiring stopped. This is a valid point. but you have to get down someplace. Cipher is traveling to be able to merely snarl their fingers and stop the force. It is traveling to take clip. and the interrupters know that. They are making what they can for the clip being. and it candidly appears to be working. They are working on acquiring more interrupters to fall in them and finally will be able to halt a batch more force. Just expression at what they have done already ; there are a batch of people that have shied off from the pack force because of what these fantastic people are making. It’s good for the people involved in the force interrupters to cognize that the interrupters have besides been portion of pack force before. so so they know that there is hope for them to clean up their lives. Although some people may thiknk that the interrupters are blowing their clip because they think that they are merely assisting a few people. the interrupters are making a truly good occupation and demand to go on making what they are making. There will likely neer be a complete halt to gang force. but we are headed in the right way with seeking to decrease the sum of force we are seeing ; we merely necessitate clip. Another thing that could be a solution to the pack force job would be for the interrupters to acquire the constabulary involved with them. Although it could be bad because the people in the packs are more likely to desire to speak to person that is non in authorization. the interrupters teaming up with the constabulary could be a aid. It would be best for the interrupters to seek to make the most that they can on their ain visual perception that the people in packs are more comfy around them. but when it comes down to them non being able to nterrupt the force. they could so name the constabulary and acquire the constabulary involved. Although the people in the packs are non traveling to desire the constabulary to be at that place. they will at least be a small more intimidated by the constabulary. and if things do non halt. the constabulary can collar them. A batch of the times. one time a individual in a pack spends a nice sum of clip in gaol for what they have done. they come to recognize that the things they are making truly are non deserving disbursement so much clip in gaol over. In the film. there was a male child that spent a few old ages in prison for trying to rob a hair cutting topographic point. Once acquiring out of gaol. he wholly got his life back on path. He chiefly realized how much him being gone affected his household. particularly his small brother and sister. He went and apologized to the people at the topographic point and candidly felt highly awful for what he did. If the interrupters get the constabulary involved and get down acquiring more people in serious problem for the pack force they are perpetrating. the rates of force will besides travel down to because people realize that making that much clip off from your household the people that love you truly is non deserving the force. Peoples will get down to desire to alter their ways if they see so many people really acquiring in serious problem for their actions. Maya Angelou. harmonizing to mayaangelou. com. is a â€Å"celebrated poet. memoirist. novelist. pedagogue. playwright. manufacturer. actress. historian. film maker. and civil rights militant. † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //mayaangelou. com/bio/ ) . She was born in St. Louis. Missouri. but spent most of her life turning up in Stamps. Alabama. While here. she saw a batch of racial favoritism. but at the same clip took the clip to pay attending and retrieve the Afro-american civilization and household values. Throughout her life. Maya did many unbelievable things. excessively many to even get down to advert. but she has a really celebrated verse form called â€Å"Still I Rise. † This verse form is all about different obstructions she has faced because of her race and other things. but ever ends with â€Å"but still I rise. † She is seeking to state people that despite of the adversities you face. you still necessitate to lift and demo the people that you can lift up after confronting these. Maya is besides stating others in the verse form that they need to be proud of their heritage. and they will confront troubles because of it. Despite any troubles. they still need to lift and get the better of it. There is ever another twenty-four hours to go a better individual. This verse form can associate greatly to the Interrupters and the pack force. These people that are involved in pack force frequently feel like their lives have already been ruined. and this is the lone solution to it. They want to travel out and wounded people who have said bad things about them or their household. They think that the lone solution to being discriminated against. talked about. set down. etc. s to stop it with force. Just like the interrupters have shown with Capryshia and Flamo. there is hope. They need to still lift up after these things are said to them. Rather than allow it trouble oneself them so much and seek to work out it with force. they need to lift up and be above it. Show people that they really can acquire back up after it. and possibly the people would derive a spot more regard for them. Maya Angelou went through man y adversities in her life. and she merely rose up after them and was ready to confront the following adversity. There is really much hope for these people involved in the pack force. The interrupters are at that place to demo them that there is a batch more to life than being in packs and desiring to ache people overtime they look at you the incorrect manner. The interrupters overcame all of their gang force issues and now want to assist others get the better of them excessively. This is a immense sum of cogent evidence that it can be done if people are traveling from being in packs and killing people to being a force interrupter that wants to halt all of this because they know there is a better life in front. The film The Interrupters gives us a new visible radiation on how much pack force there really is in Chicago. which is right in our backyard. Although it is sad to see the sum of force taking topographic point and people being killed. it is good to cognize that there are people out at that place seeking to halt it and wining. Although it may look that at that place has non been much advancement. the interrupters have made a great halt toward stoping it. and they need to go on what they are making so we can maintain seeing more and more advancement in the old ages to come.

Provincial Bird Emblems of Canada

Provincial Bird Emblems of Canada Each of the provinces and territories of Canada has an official bird emblem. There is no national bird of Canada. The Official Bird Emblems of Canada Alberta Provincial Bird Great Horned Owl BC Provincial Bird Stellers Jay Manitoba Provincial Bird Great Gray Owl New Brunswick Provincial Bird Black-Capped Chickadee Newfoundland Provincial Bird Atlantic Puffin NWT Official Bird Gyrfalcon Nova Scotia Provincial Bird Osprey Nunavut Official Bird Rock Ptarmigan Ontario Provincial Bird Common Loon PEI Provincial Bird Blue Jay Quebec Provincial Bird Snowy Owl Saskatchewan Provincial Bird Sharp-tailed Grouse Yukon Official Bird Raven Great Horned Owl On May 3, 1977 Alberta adopted the Great Horned owl as its Bird Emblem.   It was the popular winner in a vote amongst Albertas school children. This species of owl is native to North America and live in Alberta year round. It was meant to symbolize a growing concern for threatened wildlife.   Stellers Jay The lively Stellers Jay was once voted most popular bird by the people of British Columbia. The locals like the bird so much that on December 17, 1987, it was made the provincial bird. While these birds are considered pretty to look at their bird call has been described  as harsh.   Great Gray Owl Manitoba is one of three provinces to choose an owl for its provincial bird. The great gray owl is a native of Canada but is often seen in the Manitoba region. Its known for its large head and fluffy feathers. The wing span of this bird can reach an impressive four feet.   Black-Capped Chickadee Following a contest by the Federation of Naturalists in 1983, the black-capped chickadee was chosen as New Brunswicks provincial bird. Its one of the smallest provincial  birds and, compared to others like the Gyrfalcon, is rather tame.   Ã‚   Atlantic Puffin Newfoundlands adorable provincial bird is the Atlantic Puffin. It was a good choice seeing as almost 95% of North American Puffins breed along the Newfoundland coast. This is the only breed of puffin native to the Atlantic Ocean.   Gyrfalcon In 1990 the Northwest Territories chose a bird as rugged as their terrain  to represent them. The Gyrfalcon is the largest falcon breed on earth. These fast birds come in a variety of colors including white,  gray, brown and black.   Osprey Nova Scotia also chose a raptor for its provincial bird. After the peregrine  falcon, the Osprey is one of the most  widely found raptor  species. This bird of prey has powerful reversible outer toes, that it uses to catch fish and small animals with.   Rock Ptarmigan For its provincial bird, Nunavut picked a common game bird known as the Rock Ptarmigan. This quail-like bird is sometimes referred to as a snow chicken. These birds are popular in Canada and Japan.    Common Loon Despite its somewhat silly name, the Common Loon is the largest in the loon family. The provincial bird of Ontario belongs to a breed of bird known as divers. This is because they can be seen diving into the water attempting to catch fish.   Blue Jay The popular North American bird known as the Blue Jay is the provincial bird of Prince Edward Islands. It was chosen by popular vote in 1977. The bird is probably most widely known for its stunning blue color.   Snowy Owl Surviving on a steady diet of lemmings the Snowy Owl is the provincial bird of Quebec. This beautiful white owl can be seen hunting during the night and day. It was chosen as the provincial bird in 1987. Sharp-Tailed Grouse In 1945 the people of Saskatchewan chose the sharp-tailed grouse as its provincial bird. This popular game bird is also called the Prarie Chicken.   Raven In 1985 the Yukon choose the Common Raven as its provincial bird. These highly intelligent birds can be found all over the Yukon territory. The Common Raven is the largest member of the Crow family. This bird is important to the First Nation People of the Yukon and many stories are told about them.

The Renaissance and its origin in Italy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Renaissance and its origin in Italy - Essay Example Theorists have often argued that the Fall of Constantinople, followed by the mass exodus of scholars from Constantinople, to escape the persecution of the Ottoman Turks, to Italy was what kicked off the Renaissance. The Renaissance, one might say was not a new phenomenon in as far as it led only to a revival of interest in the classics of antiquity. This is true since the vast resources that were brought from the famous libraries of Constantinople were what formed the majority of the work that was worked upon. Brought to other parts of Europe, these manuscripts were welcomed and greedily devoured by local scholars. The effect of this can be seen in the works of writers and painters of the period, among other scholars. Dante Alighieri, who in his work Divina Commedia (The Divine Comedy in English), shows the influences of classical platonic ideas along with Islamic theories testifies to the above-mentioned theory. Painters like Leonardo da Vinci too, in paintings like â€Å"The Vitru vian Man† display influences of works of antiquity. What then, is new about the Renaissance? Texts that were brought to the European mainland underwent a re-interpretation that threw up possibilities that were never thought of before.

MBTI Preferences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MBTI Preferences - Essay Example While it was believed that the results would reflect the friendly and interactive nature, they pointed at a preference towards looking within and share significant events with a few close people rather than many acquaintances. The score on this variable is not very strong, and it could be situational factors that affected this factor. There are examples from the workplace as well as from personal experiences that underline the friendly nature and comfort in interacting with even unknown persons. The comfort in being in a position at work that involves interacting with people and keeping negotiations in good humour is itself an indicator of extraverted nature. Thus, it is difficult to accept the test’s result that claim Introversion over personal understanding and experiences that verify Extraversion. The second variable of Sensing – Intuition defines the primary means of conducting an analysis on information available. Both the test results and the hypothesized score fa ll in the same direction – i.e. – Sensing. Individuals high on Sensing will typically rely more on information that is gathered through senses than on inductive reasoning. They also process information deductively. There is a distinct inclination to base decisions and opinions on the basis of verifiable facts and not on assumptions.

Ethical eaasy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical eaasy - Essay Example The textile materials treated by these chemicals have been banned in the markets in UK and US and so the organization resorts to selling its stock to the developing markets where there is no such legislation. The ethical dilemma in this problem The management of the organization had to make a decision between certain courses of action. There was an option of disposing the products that have been considered not fit for use and manufacture those that are required in the US and UK markets. There is also an option of looking for markets for the products in other regions that have no such regulations. The decision-making in the above case is bound by certain significant constraints. The initial problem that had ethical implications here is that the organization had already produced stock that was treated with carcinogenic agent. The organization did not want to run at a loss by disposing these products. The operations of the organization are also governed by the local, regional, and inter national regulations and a ban on such products in some countries will apply to this organization. Besides, there is also a need to consider the adverse effects of the products that led to its ban in these developed markets and whether it is ethical to introduce into the underdeveloped markets faulty products that have been rejected in the developed markets. ... It was then regarded unethical for a business organization to involve in the well-being of the society. In 1984, Edward Freeman proposed the Stakeholder theory that the objective of business is not only to maximize the shareholders’ profits but also to serve the interests of all the stakeholders of the organization (Crane & Matten, 2007, p.57). Stakeholders include all those parties influencing or affected by the decisions and operations of the organization and so the society is one such stakeholder. In solving such ethical dilemmas, we need to refer to the ethical theories that had been developed in moral philosophies like virtue theory (Aristotle), utilitarianism (Bentham), Immanuel Kant’s Universal law, and the Religious teachings among the other theories. The utilitarian approach will consider the consequences that a given decision will have on all the stakeholders of the organization including the shareholders (Petrick & Quinn, 1997, p.48). The products have been f ound to be contaminated with agents causing cancer. Selling these products to the consumers in the developing market is equivalent to exposing the consumers to cancerous agents. The overall costs to be incurred in managing the resulting cancer are unpredictably high and will be a threat to the economy. The developing markets may also not afford the same prices forcing the organization to lower its product prices thereby reducing the profits. Besides, a long-term effect will also be seen in its reputation in the emerging market should it be later known that the products were not fit. The organization will soon lose its position even in the emerging markets. Thus, the

The History of Nursing and the Educational Preparation of Nurses Research Paper - 1

The History of Nursing and the Educational Preparation of Nurses - Research Paper Example This statement prompted General George Washington to request from the Continental Congress for the supply of a matron to supervise the bedding and â€Å"the supply of one nurse for every ten patients. General Washington also requested that a matron is allotted to every hundred sick or wounded (Army, 2011). Many women volunteered to serve as nurses during the Civil War. Women served as nurses in both the Union and Confederate Armies. During the Civil war, Dorothea Lynde Dix was named Superintendent of Nurses for the Union forces. In the outbreak of the Spanish American War, Dr. Anita Newcombe McGee was named Supervisor in Charge of selecting the new female graduates to serve in the Armed Forces. These nurses were known as contract nurses. The Army Nurse Corps was formed on February 2, 1901, as a permanent unit in the US Army Medical Department. These nursing opportunities called for a high level of health care competency. In WWI, Bessie Smith was appointed to General John J. Pershing to oversee the nursing activities in the Army Medical Department. Bessie S. Smith formed the Army School of Nursing, which became an important relief resource during the Influenza pandemic of 1918 (Army, 2011). In 1916, a standard uniform was recommended for American nurses. This recommendation came from the American Nursing Association. These nursing uniforms became symbolic of American nurses. As the twentieth century continued, many nurses came to be identified by the blue uniform. Many American women were only able to find gainful employment as nurses in the beginning of the twentieth century (DeChesnay & Anderson, 2007). Many nurses were trained in university settings.  

Cash, Color, and Colonialism by Renee Ann Cramer - Review Essay

Cash, Color, and Colonialism by Renee Ann Cramer - Review - Essay Example In an examination of the actual process of recognition, Cramer argues that economic, social, cultural, and political aspects strongly influence the recognition of Native American peoples. More particularly, she claims that the colonial relationship between Native Americans and the White people, issues of race, and gaming interests largely influence the decision of the BAR to approve or reject an application. The discourse on federal Indian regulation and tribal political law has primarily been the area of concern of legal scholars. This issue, as argued by Cramer, is complex, puzzling, and conflicting. There are a huge number of Native American tribes that have been granted official recognition by the federal government, and every period has its own language, legacy, and history. Not like other U.S. governments, tribal administrations do not have legal foundation; thus, they have been traditionally viewed by the federal government as self-governing dependent entities, government districts, and foreign units. All of these aspects have resulted in the marginalization of Native American peoples. Official recognition by the federal government is the crucial aspect in the success of Native American peoples in preserving its ancestral domain, economy, heritage, and autonomy. Without official recognition, an ethnic group will remain unidentified, despite heritage. Within the framework of federal Indian law, official recognition creates an agreement between the American government and Native American tribes. This agreement grants several privileges to the tribes, such as gaming rights and reclamation rights. But several ethnic groups have not been officially recognized. This fact encouraged Cramer to comprehensively examine the bureaucratic process of federal recognition, situating her analysis in a broader cultural, legal, and historical perspective. She believes that the process of federal recognition can only be correctly

The History of Nursing and the Educational Preparation of Nurses Research Paper - 1

The History of Nursing and the Educational Preparation of Nurses - Research Paper Example This statement prompted General George Washington to request from the Continental Congress for the supply of a matron to supervise the bedding and â€Å"the supply of one nurse for every ten patients. General Washington also requested that a matron is allotted to every hundred sick or wounded (Army, 2011). Many women volunteered to serve as nurses during the Civil War. Women served as nurses in both the Union and Confederate Armies. During the Civil war, Dorothea Lynde Dix was named Superintendent of Nurses for the Union forces. In the outbreak of the Spanish American War, Dr. Anita Newcombe McGee was named Supervisor in Charge of selecting the new female graduates to serve in the Armed Forces. These nurses were known as contract nurses. The Army Nurse Corps was formed on February 2, 1901, as a permanent unit in the US Army Medical Department. These nursing opportunities called for a high level of health care competency. In WWI, Bessie Smith was appointed to General John J. Pershing to oversee the nursing activities in the Army Medical Department. Bessie S. Smith formed the Army School of Nursing, which became an important relief resource during the Influenza pandemic of 1918 (Army, 2011). In 1916, a standard uniform was recommended for American nurses. This recommendation came from the American Nursing Association. These nursing uniforms became symbolic of American nurses. As the twentieth century continued, many nurses came to be identified by the blue uniform. Many American women were only able to find gainful employment as nurses in the beginning of the twentieth century (DeChesnay & Anderson, 2007). Many nurses were trained in university settings.  

Planning and Reviewing a Unit of Work Assignment

Planning and Reviewing a Unit of Work - Assignment Example Perform Mathematical reasoning (Mean, Mode and Median) Illustrate your finding using suitable diagrams or graphs Explain why you have used them Write a short conclusion on your finding Could you have done anything better Are you happy with your findings This unit is expected to take about 6 lessons. Prior Learning Students should know: How to find the mean, mode and the median of non-grouped data How to find the range of a set data How to draw bar charts for discrete data (possible other charts e.g. scatter graphs, pies charts) Where The Unit fits in This unit is according to the "Key Stage 3 National strategy" and it is designed for students in year 8 (teaching was slightly modified to fit according to the class tutor wishes, the lessons plan were slightly reduce by using secondary data, however all methods were thoroughly discuss so that the students would meet the objectives now and in the future. Data Handling is first taught in primary school. In fact, my daughter who is in year 3 (1st year of junior school) has done a survey by counting different type of transport (cars, van, motorbike etc) at a traffic lights and drawing a bar chart using the data. In the key objectives for the Year 3 the DfEE (1999) (Framework p3) states that, "Solve a given problem by organizing and interpreting numerical data in simple lists, tables and graphs". In year 4 they are taught the vocabulary of data handling, such as survey, questionnaire, data, tally charts ..etc. They will also look at and create graphs like bar and pictogram - where the symbol represents several units - in details. This theme of work is then continued in year 5, 6 and onwards. Handling data The handling of data is... Data Handling is first taught in primary school. In fact, my daughter who is in year 3 (1st year of junior school) has done a survey by counting different type of transport (cars, van, motorbike etc) at a traffic lights and drawing a bar chart using the data. In the key objectives for the Year 3 the DfEE (1999) (Framework p3) states that, "Solve a given problem by organizing and interpreting numerical data in simple lists, tables and graphs". In year 4 they are taught the vocabulary of data handling, such as survey, questionnaire, data, tally charts ..etc. They will also look at and create graphs like bar and pictogram - where the symbol represents several units - in details. This theme of work is then continued in year 5, 6 and onwards. The handling of data is an established part of the National Curriculum at all key stages. It makes up a significant part of the curriculum and also a regular feature in the exams. Handling data also appears in the other cross-curricular subjects such as ICT, History and Geography and many more. According to the National Curriculum, students should be taught all four phases of the data

The Effect of Family Problem Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Family Problem Essay Lets take a divorce as an example. This always affect students. Ive seen the initial withdrawal, uncertainty and depression, but if the parents are in mutual agreement when it comes to their child then the child is able to cope better. In terms of performance in school, usually there is a drop in grades as the child deals with whats going on at home. Grades improve as time goes on and the child accepts the situation. On the other hand, I have seen a divorce so bad that it puts the child right in the middle. There is no mutual agreement for whats best for the child. The mother wants things her way and the father his. They cant bear the sight of each other, even if it means meeting for the sake of their child. This makes it very hard for the child and for the school that has to accommodate for both parents separately. Two parent teacher conferences, two copies of report cards, two of everything because the parents cant agree to share. This is very sad indeed. The child seems to be handling it well, but there is some hesitation, some shyness among other children and the child doesnt seem to be performing at full potential in school. The child doesnt say much about it and you just know the child is holding all emotions back. Makes you wonder what the parents are thinking. This was two years ago. Recently I got a call from one of the parents representative, it went to voice mail. The rep wanted my opinion on the behavior of the child when in the custody of the other parent. I have yet to call back. The parents are just playing a game. I am not going to get in the middle of a two-year battle. When the rep does call back and I pick up, I dont really know what I am going to say. It does make me mad that theyre using me as leverage. So if thats how I feel, how do you think this child would feel living it day in and day out. Source(s): As a side note on my rant, fortunately (and sadly) this child is well mannered. Now lets say the child isnt well behaved. It would make it very hard to discipline the child knowing that it is the result of home life. I could discipline the child, but the result would probably mean further insubordination. In a similar situation, an unrelated student was behaving badly. The students home life isnt as bad as above, but it was still affecting the child. The student wouldnt listen to my instructions, I tried every trick in the book with no success. The student was sent to detention, etc, did all that. One day was the students worst. After a good scolding, I just sat there staring at the student, the student glared back. Our hearts beating with fury. Instinctively, and against  all rules of teacher/student physical contact, I gave the student a hug. The student hugged back as if life depended on it. The student was in tears. A hug was like a long lost toy finally found. I had no real problems with that student since. Created by: Mark Glen Natural The Effect of Teacher-Family Communication on Student Engagement: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment In this study, we seek to evaluate the efficacy of teacher communication with parents and students as a means of increasing student engagement. We estimate the causal effect of teacher communication by conducting a randomized field experiment in which 6th and 9th grade students were assigned to receive a daily phone call home and a text/written message during a mandatory summer school program. We find that frequent teacher-family communication immediately increased student engagement as measured by homework completion rates, on-task behavior and class participation. On average, teacher-family communication increased the odds a student completed their homework by 42% and decreased instances in which teachers had to redirect students’ attention to the task at hand by 25%. Class participation rates among 6th grade students increased by 49%, while communication appeared to have a small negative effect on 9th grade students’ willingness to participate. Drawing upon surveys and interviews with participating teachers and students, we identify three primary mechanisms through which communication likely affected engagement: stronger teacher-student relationships, expanded parental involvement, and increased student motivation.

The Goals Of Positive Youth Development Young People Essay

The Goals Of Positive Youth Development Young People Essay Positive Youth Development focus on building or promoting positive qualities in adolescents and focus on adolescents development in a social context, including the family, school and/or community (Catalano et al., 2002) . It suggests that good life can be encouraged by identifying individual strengths of character and fostering them (Seligman. 2002). Positive youth development goal is to build and strengthen personal qualities that enable adolescents to grow and flourish throughout life (Park, 2004). Positive youth development suggests that by focusing on adolescents strengths, the impact of negative risk factors will be reduced (Thornberry, 1995). Focusing on adolescents strengths in multiple domains, such as family, school, and community, is what is particularly important in buffering adolescents from the effects of risk factors (Thornberry, 1995). Positive youth development sets the main guidelines as to how we can best support adolescents healthy development. Lerner (2005) states that Positive youth development outcomes can be identified as the Five C; Competence (academic, social, vocational skills), Self-Confidence, Connectedness (healthy relationship to community, friends, family), Character (integrity, moral commitment), Caring and Compassion (Lerner at al., 2005). Positive youth development focuses on the adolescents pos itive outcomes rather than negative outcomes (Catalano et al., 2002). The positive youth development approach aims to provide the maximum impact on the life-path of adolescents (Catalano et al., 2002). Youth development suggests long-term outcomes. Adolescents who consistently experience healthy attitudes and clear expectations for positive behaviour within their families, schools, and communities are less likely to become involved in risky behaviours, especially if they have developed strong bonds to the individuals and social groups within these settings (Garmezy, 1971). Adolescents have to experience and embrace the newly acquired skills and positive relationships over a long period of time to be effective. Positive youth development strategies have to accompany adolescents throughout their growing up years. While short term positive outcomes are important and should be built on, Positive youth development suggests positive long term outcomes.(Park, 2004). The Positive Youth Development focuses on building on the adolescents strengths, talents and interests encouraging wellness as much as on remedying deficits. Youth development strategies target all adolescents. It suggests that creating supportive and enriching environments for all adolescents will lead to positive outcomes as well as reduced negative outcomes (Lerner, 2004). The Positive Youth Development perspective stemmed from the work of comparative psychologists who had been studying the plasticity of developmental modes that emerged from the fusion of biological and contextual levels of organisation (Benson et al., 2006). The work of Garmezys (1983) ideas about the invulnerable child, which suggests that adolescents protective factors can reduce the impact of risk factors, followed by Werners (1982) work on resiliency were the cornerstone for the positive youth developmental approach (Damon, 2004). In 1997 Benson focused on the developmental assets, idea, which explains the adolescents positive characteristics in contrast to the incapacities of adolescents. The exploration of adolescence by developmental scientists interested in developmental systems theory resulted in the elaboration of the Positive Youth Development perspective (Benson et al., 2006). The Positive Development Perspective Versus the Deficit View The exploration of a strength- based ideal promotes the concept of positive human development (Lerner, 2004). Since the founding of the scientific study of adolescent development (Hall, 1904), the predominant conceptual frame for the study of adolescence has been one of prevention and elimination of risk factors that make adolescents and youth vulnerable to maladaptive behaviours ( Benson et al., 2006). The goal of Positive Youth Development is not merely restricted to surviving in the face of adversity but actually growing throughout life (Lerner, 2007). Interventions targeting only one single problem have come under criticism. Broad based interventions can therefore have broad effects. Thus programs that promote wellness and building strengths such as character strength among youth and sustain it across the life span may pay much greater dividends, not only preventing in the short run disorders but also building the long run moral, healthy, and well developed people who can over come challenges in life and enjoy the good life (Albee 1996; Cowen 1994,1998; Durlak 1997;Elias 19995) Catalano, Berglund, Ryan, Lonczak, and Hawkins (1999) noted that problem behaviours are tracked more often than positive ones and, while an increasing number of positive youth development interventions are choosing to measure both, this is still far from being the standard in the field. The Positive Youth Development approach suggests that adolescents are resources to be developed, and not as problems to be managed (Roth Brooks-Gunn, 2003a,b). It builds on the idea of resilience and protective factors; suggesting that adolescents have the personal strength and resilience to help them avoid problems such as alcohol, drugs, and school violence (Luthar, Cicchetti, Curtis, 2000). People are pleased when intervention programs reduce the rates of drug abuse or teenage crime. However there are few positive indicators to which people may point to reflect the desirable, healthy, and valued behaviours among their children and adolescents (Lerner, 2004). Replacing the deficit view of adolescence, the PYD model regards adolescents as having strengths. The PYD model suggests that increases in well-being and thriving are possible for young adolescence through aligning the strengths of adolescents with developmental assets present in their social and physical ecology (Lerner, 2005). Earlier prevention programs only focused on the reduction of the influence of well-established risk factors for the development of problem behaviours. The health and well-being of adolescents require as much attention to promoting developmental strengths as to directly combating risk, environmental threats, and social dysfunctions that obstruct human development (Benson, 2006). These two approaches ought to be complementary and in balance. Positive Youth Development Enhances the Well Being of Young People Positive Youth development program strive to build strengths, competence, and positive qualities in children (Catalano et al., 2002). Earlier prevention programs only focused on the reduction of the influence of well- established risk factors for the development of problem behaviours. The Positive Youth Development approach focuses on lowering the impact of developmental risks and increasing the influence of protective factors. Protective factors are targeted by prevention strategies aimed at influencing a wide range of different problem behaviour being developed ( Jessor, 1995). School based substance prevention programs can be effective in reducing consumption rates of substance during adolescences (Tobler et al., 2000). Such programs employ interactive teaching methods, thus providing contact and communication opportunities between students, encouraging refusal skills, allowing feedback to be received in a non-threatening climate, and enabling students to practice acquired skills. Along with the interactive teaching approach, PYD prevention programs promote resistance, assertiveness, communication, and problem solving skills against social pressure (WHO, 1997). The characteristics for effective prevention programs against adolescent substance misuse can best be reflected in life skills programs implemented within school or community setting ( Tobler Stratton, 1997) The life skill program can help adolescents through; Enhancing a Sense of Personal Safety Adolescents need to have a sense of physical and emotional security, they need to feel that adults will protect them from any emotional or physical harm. It is important for adolescents to feel less apprehensive of negative outcomes when failing to achieve certain goals, thus adolescents need to be encouraged to take positive risks Youth at a program feel as though the adults there will protect them from any physical harm. Young people who are encouraged to take positive risks without negative consequences for their mistakes become less fearful of failure and more likely to pursue stretch goals, objectives they might once have rejected as out of their reach (Seligman, 2002). Encouraging Relationship Building Adolescents need many supportive relationships to help them navigate their adolescence. They need guidance from adults as well as emotional and practical support from their peers. Research has identified these adult-child and peer relationships as the key to helping young people overcome the obstacles of adolescence and adolescence relationships (Lerner, 2004). Fostering Meaningful Youth Participation Simple participation is not enough to promote positive youth development: youth must have an active role in shaping the program. They must have the opportunity to practice and develop leadership skills by planning projects, initiatives, and activities (ODonnell et al., 1995).Giving youth a meaningful role in the program will heighten their sense of belonging to the program, fostering deeper relationships with the adult staff and other youth participants (Park, 2004). Providing Opportunities for Community Involvement Young people are often looking for a sense of purpose. Creating opportunities for young people to become involved in the community, and for community members to interact with youth, is a powerful way to foster this sense of purpose (Larson, 2000). It is also a successful and innovative way of advancing community change. Life skills programs encourage a mutualism relationship between the youth of a community and the community as a whole. By engaging in dialogue and action together, youth can learn more about the community in which they live, giving them greater respect for it, and preparing them to become active and responsible citizens within it. At the same time, the community can overcome negative stereotypes about the young, and gain a greater understanding of the assets of the youth who live there. Positive Youth Development in relation to working with adolescents. PYD perspective presents a real shift in thinking of how we provide services for young people. It suggests that motivation results from using reinforcers effectively. Focusing on adolescents character strength and nurturing positive skills can actually increase intrinsic motivation and increases adolescents sense of autonomy, achievement, and the understanding of why we succeed and fail (Benson, 2006). Positive Youth development challenges communities to take a new look at its resources and how they can be used to support young people. Positive Youth Development perspective helps adolescents take responsibilities for their own learning by setting and monitoring goals, using positive personal skills, and employing effective strategies. In addition, teacher characteristics including personal teaching efficacy, modelling, caring, and high expectations together with classroom climate and instructional variables to enhance motivation. Motivation is increased when adolescents work in a safe and orderly environment, experience success, understand tasks and the reasons from them, and experience optimal challenge, Instructors can increase adolescents motivation by preparing attractive activities and tasks, involving the adolescents, personalising content, and providing informative feedback. Life is full of different stresses and risks. Neither society nor parents can completely protect children from them, it is the children who themselves have to meet these challenges (Lerner, 2000). However we can prepare them to overcome adversities in life and further more to thrive. By identifying important developmental strengths such as character strengths and life satisfaction by facilitating their development, and by strengthening and maintaining them, we can help youth achieve the healthy, happy, and good lives that they all deserve (Benson, 2006).

The three degres of Subject Matter :: Essays Papers

The three degres of Subject Matter There are "Three Degrees of Subject Matter," known as representational, abstract, and nonrepresentational. Every piece of art can be classified into one of these. It might be a good idea when referring to a particular painting to state it's Degree of Subject Matter (Johnson). Representational or Naturalistic images in art look much like real images in the world (Gilbert 28). It is similar to a photograph (Johnson). Some artists use images refered to as illusionistic, meaning the images are so natural they trick you into believing they are real. When the eye is being fooled into thinking there are 3 dimensions in a work that is flat, it is refered to as trompe-l'oeil (Gilbert 28). At the following website you can view his infamous picture of Olga Picasso, along with many more pieces of Picasso's work, such as Portrait de Dora Maar, which I found to be very unique, also giving a tour of the many masterpieces he created: http://www.musexpo.com/english/picasso/picass2.html This site led me to some outstanding photographs of Representational Art, that could also be interpreted as naturalistic and some of her paintings could be interperted as illusionistic. http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Museum/9978/ Abstract art is when the art has a reference to the natural world but does not try to duplicate it exactly (Gilbert 30). The degree is which it is distorted can range from very slight where you can barely tell it is distorted, to very great where you can barely tell what it is (Johnson). Even if the colors are not true to real life it is abstract (Johnson). Stylized is a term close to abstract. It is stylized if it has features of a natural form that are in some way exaggerated (Gilbert 30). Willem de Kooning often used figural images in his paintings, especially in hi famous "Women" series (Gilbert 483) The following site will demonstrate many of his "women" paintings, along with many of his other works. Koonings paintings are cleary abstract, showing his conscious and unconscious feelings about women (Gilbert 483). Abstract Expressionists sought to express their subconscious through their art. http://www.artchive.com/artchive/ftptoc/de_kooning_ext.html Nonrepresentational art has no reference to the natural world of images (Gilbert 31). The art work shows no presence of people, places, or things, but shapes and sometimes colors. This type of art goes beyond the known forms and reaches our human emotions and sense's directly (Gilbert 31). They are expressions of the artists who made them (Gilbert 31) Nonrepresentational art, also known as nonobjective art, does not stem from anything real (Johnson).

Listless Universities

â€Å"Look at a nation’s school and you will see what society it represents.†-Jose Rizal The introduction of liberalism may seem to have vastly modified what social structures were implemented before. As we go about our daily lives, we are already separated from what the â€Å"supposed† to be agenda of existence is all about. Such a case has driven more and more people to take directions which are no longer of significant use. Everything that has come up to the minds of the younger generations is a bland philosophy. And even though it may seem that people have the taste to achieve living without borders, there is not really a single aspect of intuition where we they are really going. According to All About Philosophy, worthless perception of everything is coined to be nihilism. And it is very possible societies are going this path. It is very true that universities nowadays do not really care more about their social responsibilities. They somehow care less than the previous generation of education institutions. And this is not evident among just any schools out there but actually very obvious even with the supposedly top performing institutions or at least those respectable ones. Apparently, the generations following after the mid 20th century social structure do not need anymore that of what schools can really contribute. But even though this problem is very evident, universities do not count itself as the role model in maintaining the sole purpose of its existence. It has abandoned its children and has neglected the society to structure itself without any care. Universities nowadays are becoming more and more just a â€Å"setting† where the youth can increase their respective social lives. The schools are no longer upholding its power to engage with students as to how education should be treated. The institutions themselves are to blame since they did not really become strong enough to face the changes in the society. They go with the way of the social structure even though they know that they are losing power each day a neglected student enters its corridors. As a clear example, the main objective of today’s universities is to sustain its existence. Of course, no man made institution can survive this capitalist driven world without concerning itself to raising funds. So in effect, schools have become more and more commercialized and providing fewer opportunities for it to interact with the students. Even though the schools have their own shortcomings, it cannot be denied that the society itself is the proponent of such absence of direction. It is very rare that you will find a person talking about the good stuff about nature, very sentiment, and holds his ideal dream of becoming a part of this vast universe. It is very tricky to find such people since each of us interacting with one another are â€Å"supposedly† engaged on our own ideals. So how can we ever distinguish an individual with a direction in life? Philosophically speaking, it is very true that schools reflect only that of society’s character. However, because of such notion, they have tied themselves up to the backdoor of philosophical stability by not meddling with what the external society wishes to track. Universities just accepted the fact that they as mere instruments rather than thinkers which can actually inflict change. They remain silent and just become mirrors which only serve to bounce back what they have been given. Each one of us has his own opinion, own direction in life. But just because we are blessed with such power it does not necessarily mean that everything we are dealing with is in accordance to our principles. One should think first if actions and mindsets represent that of a true thinking human. Otherwise, we will tend to just blame our teaching institutions again and again whereas they only give back what they receive. Works Cited All About Philosophy. Nihilism – Abandoning Values and Knowledge. 2002. .

Advertising Makes You Buy Things You Dont Want or Need

Company / Organisation | Executive Summary of Marketing Campaign | Wants or Needs? | Figure No’s:| Result| Reference| Halifax – ‘Taking on the high street banks by communicating like a high street retailer’. | Halifax transformed from ‘being a building society’ to an aggressive competitor of the big four banks in just 12 months. Halifax believed that focusing their company as a ‘human’ organisation was a powerful platform. From this they combined ‘human’ and ‘value’ as key points. They branded their service as ‘Extra Value.Extra Friendly’. | No one wanted to use Halifax’s current accounts as they weren’t a recognised bank, and seemed risky for consumers to invest in. What Halifax bank had to offer wasn’t actually that much better than any of the other major banks. | | * 150% increase in Sales * 43% increase in profit per current account customer| Marco Rimmi, Advertising W orks 12, (World Advertising Research Centre, Oxfordshire, 2003)| Skoda – ‘It’s a Skoda. Honest’: the profitable return on brave communication. ‘Skoda Jokes’ were so entwined in British Culture that, despite the brands acquisition by VW in 1992, radical product improvements had continued to fall on deaf ears. In other words people were aware of the improvements and consequently didn’t buy. The repositioning that accompanied the launch of the Fabia in March 2000 challenged Skoda’s prejudice. | We can eliminate most variables that would give consumers a reason to buy the car – meaning that it was advertising that made people buy the car (not other factors). * Price: ‘Byers’ report, showed a sharp deflation in the car market price.Skoda were an exception – the average price for a Skoda was 60% higher than 97. * Distribution: No changes in numbers, share or quality. * Fleet Marketing: * Product:| | * 64% inc rease in Sales * The marketing expenditure was ? 14m, and it was estimated to have returned ? 37m of profits. | Marco Rimmi, Advertising Works 12, (World Advertising Research Centre, Oxfordshire, 2003)| Bakers Complete – ‘From underdog to top dog’| As a complete dry dog Food specialist, Bakers strategy was to steal market share from ‘canned dog foods’.In 1995 Bakers complete was relaunched with revised packaging, a revised formula and a new communication campaign. The target was housewives aged 25 -45, with children. The agency built on the emotional nature of the owner/dog relationship. The agency targeted ‘best friend’ with a campaign based on Pippin the brand ‘spokesdog’. | Research showed that many Dog owners actually felt that dry dog food was not as good as canned meat. Despite this sales actually rose (successful advertising).Not only were Bakers complete competing against canned food business’s but Dry Dog foo d producers too. So nobody ‘needed’ to buy Bakers food because they had many alternative buys. | | * 62. 5% increase in sales value * Sales Doubled after Two Years. The brand had continued to show strong growth ever since. | Marco Rimmi, Advertising Works 12, (World Advertising Research Centre, Oxfordshire, 2003)| Benadryl – ‘How the soft sell sold harder’ | At the launch, allergy brand Benadryl had the product advantage of being fast acting then its competitors.Advertising was developed to explain this advantage. After a successful launch the brand suddenly started to decline and growth was negative. Competitors had come into the market with competitive speed claims and similar creative treatments. The decision was taken to launch a variant with a completely different creative treatment. The advertising idea was to ‘criminalise’ the causes of hayfever. | Obviously people who suffer from Hayfever Need treatment to control or prevent the symptoms.However nobody needed or necessarily wanted to buy Benadryl once other businesses began to sell the same product. As there was no product advantage in the market Benadryl’s success was down to their successful marketing campaign. | | * Both tracking data and qualitative data point to the level of consumer involvement in the tone of the advertising or driving the successful sales results * For every ? 1 spent, there was ? 4. 8 in sales returned| Marco Rimmi, Advertising Works 12, (World Advertising Research Centre, Oxfordshire, 2003)| | | | | * | |

Experiences of Migration

Military University Experiences Of Migration For hundreds of years migration has been the topic of discussion as individuals or mass groups have migrated away from their homelands In search of alternate residency elsewhere throughout the world. Much like today, the 19th century migratory have been faced with a plethora of different types of reactions by their newfound territories Including both positive and negative In nature. Many Individuals exhibited numerous viewpoints Including the various governments who understood the advantages tot immigration.Immigration certainly holds the potential to live a more lucrative elite In another part of the world as most immigrants enjoyed the venous employment opportunities and enhanced lifestyles. Although some immigrants traveled with their families. There were Individuals who set out to find a new life while leaving their loved ones behind. In one such case, and individual by the name of Taffeta Broker. ‘Ã'Ÿaka was left behind in Wars aw Poland as her husband sent out to find a new existence. Unfortunately for Taffeta. Re husband never returns as we read in her correspondence to him. 893. Dear husband; up to the present I live with Rabbinic. I am not very Well satisfied, perhaps because was accustomed to live for So many years quietly, With you alone. And today you are at one and Of the world and I at the Other. So when I kick at strange corners don't know what to do from longing and regret _ You wont forget me, that you Will remain noble as you have been I have only the sort Of the friends think that I own thousands and from time to time Sorenson comes to me, skins me to lend her a dozen rubles. 1894. P to the present I thought and rolled that you would still come back to Warsaw, but since you write that you will come I comply with the will of God and with your will. I shall now, the days and weeks until take me to America Such a sad elite ! Go almost to nobody, tort as long as PU were in Warsaw everything was d eferent. Formally we had friends, and everybody was glad to see us, while now, if I go to anybody they are afraid need something from them and they show me beforehand and indifferent face (Hunt et al. 012, 778). Forward and left loved ones behind.For the ones that did follow their loved ones, their experiences were that of excitement, apprehension and anxiousness as these immigrants were met with both open arms and rejection as the population receiving the immigrant's viewed these people as deserters and without patriotism. The following: gives us insight of the feelings from one immigrant as he is traveling to Im bound for young America, farewell old Scandinavia. Vive had my America. Fill of cold and toil, all for the love of mother soil. You poets with your rocks and rills can stay in starve-on words, no-frills.They are, out west, a man breaths free, while here one slaves, a tired bee, gathering honey filled the hive of wise old rulers, on us they thrive. In toil we over before th eir thrones while they take to slumber like lazy drones. Drunk with our nectar they've set us affright, but opportunity has knocked, and will take our flight (Hunt et al. 2012, 779). It is clear, that at least for some, immigrants left their homelands in search of freedom along with economic stability hat they felt could not be provided in their own country.

Technology and the Future of the Hotel Industry Research Paper

Technology and the Future of the Hotel Industry - Research Paper Example In the last decade, Information Technology did change the lodging industrys plans, controls, and manages operations. The growing demands in the hotel industry are very many the demands are largely brought about by globalization, increased security threats and needed for controls in business (Solomon, 2008). The hotel industry is starting to use kiosks and self-service technologies to change the hotel industry (Solomon, 2008). Through globalization, technology has had great impacts on the hospitality industry several ways: organizational culture, management styles and organizational structure. These three ways shape up how an organization is set up from its decision-making offices to the operations department (Solomon, 2008). This paper, therefore, seeks to draw important regions upon which technology influences the hotel industry. Proper insight will focus mainly on operations, and customer experiences and relations in the hotel environment. It is a report and not a research paper as it may seem to appear. Hotel industry is affected by various issues regarding security from a global to a local perspective respectively. The ability to assure a tourist that, they are safe in a given destination can mean a lot to the proprietors of a given hotel business line (Solomon, 2008). Security threats have made the industry suffer several setbacks that can only translate into losses worth billions of dollars (Kasavana and Cahill, 2003). Travel bans are offered to countries with such security issues, and they incur up to millions of dollars in losses, which can only mean that even the internal operations of such a countrys hotel is affected. Back at home, when the hotel is prone to high instances of theft, and robbery consumers of their products feel more paranoid to visit such establishment (Kasavana and Cahill, 2003). It can only mean that such organizations are closed, and jobs

PLANNING FOR METROPOLITAN AREAS Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PLANNING FOR METROPOLITAN AREAS - Term Paper Example It has turned into a platitude amongst many sustainability supporters that tall buildings are, by absolute benefit of the concreteness they offer, epitomes for sustainability. Concentration of these tall buildings in particular areas reflects three economic powers; for solitary use, or incomplete multiple-use office structures, housing towers occupied typically by affluent families and housing schemes created by the government (Jacobs 4-27). This sheds light on the advantages of acknowledging the advantages and interesting potentials of tall buildings, while laying grounds for measuring the common assumptions about the ecological benefits of tall buildings. Concentrated tall buildings which house the poor are governments’ projects, and they are not communally sustainable for families. Most of them have no correctable scheme imperfections, and exemplify inherent problems curtailing from isolation from the ground, and absence of eyes on the streets (Hoch 23-47). Thus, it is corr ect to state that these buildings are concentrated in particular areas, so that the correct architectural designed can block the view of those in need of adjustments (Jacobs 39-41). Another evidence for concentration of tall buildings is the efficient placement of people and their activities, which is vital in contemporary world due to ever increasing pressures from work, family and changing lifestyles (Hoch 54). In what ways might several small businesses on a street be preferable to one large one? What establishes a small business differs around the globe. Small businesses are generally privately possessed firms, conglomerates, or sole proprietorships. Big businesses have in history driven the economy, but small businesses have historically generated employment (Good, 17). According to scholars, small businesses contributed to two thirds of all net jobs summed between 1992 and 2007. Small businesses are able to bail out of the economy and spur innovation, particularly after period s of recession. In piercing contrast, big businesses drib their worker count, one in each three employees and these big businesses usually seem to be in austere cash flow problems by the end of the fiscal year. Small businesses persist because of diverse reasons, which highlight the importance of these many businesses on a street instead of one big business. They are willing to accommodate both full time and part time staffs, because taxes on their income do not intimidate their cash flow as opposed to bigger firms. Availability of community banks, which have traditionally focused on small businesses, is another factor, because reduction of small businesses on streets will automatically necessitate decline in community banks, which hold a significant position in the progression of United States economy over time (Good 23-36). Consumer spending at low levels is another reasonable condition for location of these smaller businesses on a street. This is because to a growing economy, mar ket place is critical for different level of income groups, without which a sustained economic expansion will not be achievable. As a result, these small businesses serve as a critical bridge for government involvement in the economy, by creating conducive environment for the all citizens, and bridges the gap between big businesses and varying political swings which causes

River Plate Trust, Loan & Agency Company Ltd Essay

River Plate Trust, Loan & Agency Company Ltd - Essay Example The operation of the companies in the region suffered a setback in the period when the financial crisis of 1930 was felt; however, some companies strived strove to become international firms. One of the companies formed by the Morrison Group in the River plate region was the River Plate Trust, Loan, and Agency (RPTLA), which was formed for in 1881 for three main reasons. The first reason for the formation of the firm was the acquisition of assets as a trust. This was accomplished by the acquisition of the assets of the Mercantile Bank of the River Plate, and the second reason was the provision of loan facilities to the people in the region. This was done through the lending of money in form of mortgages in Argentina and Uruguay, and among the last reasons was the performing of financial agency duties for individuals and firms in the River Plate Region. Another reason for the formation of the firm was the motivation to invest in the mortgage business in the River Plate Region, and the expected high economic growth of the region. The previous occupations of the major stakeholders in the firm were also a big factor in the formation of the RPTLA. ... RPTLA was founded by seven members, John Gorst, Sidney Herbert, Frederick Fearon, Cornelius Cox, Edward Ashworth, Edward Griggs and John Taylor, who went on to become the first board members of the new company. These seven individuals were mostly stakeholders in the Mercantile Bank, either as shareholders, board members, or liquidators, and the rest of the board members were related to the bank in some way. For example, one of the shareholders, Leon Isaac, was part of the family that owned most of the Mercantile Bank. Some other members were politicians, while others were directors of other financial institutions. One example of a director is Griggs, who was a major director in the now defunct Trust and Loan Company of Canada, while some other members were business people and merchants. The similarity of these individuals was drawn around financial institutions, since they were either members of the fallen Mercantile Bank, or former members of other financial institutions in the regi on. The social system in place at the time indicated that the first directors of the RPTLA were in social class 1 and 2, which was reserved for professionals, gentry, and major businesspeople. A year after the formation of the RPTLA, a former senior partner at Ashurst, Morris and Company, John Morris, was appointed as the new Chairman and Managing director of the RPTLA (Slinn, 1997). Under the administration of Morris, the organizational structure of the company was reformed, and the principles that he placed in place guided the company through its entire lifetime. As previously stated, the members of the board of RPTLA were in some way related to the Mercantile Bank, and Morris was no exception, since he was in charge of the law firm that liquidated the bank. This indicates that the

Managing Communication in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Communication in Business - Essay Example This scenario strengthens the need for effective cross-cultural communication, which would bring synergy among the workers towards the achievement of common goals (Montana & Charnoy 2008). This paper attempts to understand the process of communication as affected by cultural differences, and how the barriers of communication can be tackled in order for the organizational goals to be achieved as planned. The concept of cross-cultural communication is actually nothing new, as stated by LeBaron (2003) in a study, where it is concluded that communication process is basically cultural, considering the ways that each person has learned to speak and to give nonverbal messages, each carrying the essential factors of context, individual personality, and mood that interacts with a variety of internalized cultural influences affecting the various choices in life. This concept is summarized by Edward T. Hall, a known expert of cross-cultural communication, in this statement: â€Å"Culture is communication and communication is culture† (Hall, 1959, p. 186). In an environment of multicultural diversity, it is quite a challenge to ensure proper understanding and smooth communication processes between and among the people who have to work together towards the achievement of common goals. LeBaron (2003) further explains that despite all the good intentions of communicators, miscommunication is always likely to happen, especially at instances where there are significant cultural differences between the communicators. According to Rogers, Hart and Mike (2002), cross-cultural or intercultural communication is an intricate web of several factors affecting each other, but mainly based on cultural differences or idiosyncrasies, thus the eventual serious study of it by communication experts in the late 1960s. Significant aspect of this field of study is the examination of

Food Day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Food Day - Essay Example This was an effect or evidence that I was actively listening. During the preparation and at the event, we worked in a team. For example, our team composed Libby, Katie and I. Libby led the team most time and working together, we followed, monitored the progress, and met deadlines throughout the pre and post event activities. The events of the Food Day enlightened me on my profession. From the event, I have understood many facts and perspectives regarding human nutrition. It was very exciting when people inquired about economical and be environment friendly. Additionally, I realized that people are ever interested to learn things regarding living healthy and economically sound or viable. It was my first time address a public gathering. However, at the beginning, it seemed difficult, but after a while I got used to it and I loved this experience. At the end, I was very happy with confident and composure I learnt from this experience. Yes, my efforts made a different both to the occasion and my life experience. For example, most of the attendances were interested in our teams and inquired more about our stuff and how they can obtain it. In addition, I felt most of them were very interested on our displays and they wanted us to information more on how they can save more. I liked the samples we displayed on our information table because it helped us to provide accurate information. Furthermore, I liked our handout because it had simple and easy information. Lastly, I liked how we organized our table; we divided it in two sides. On one side, we placed the green sample and the other side there was the bottle water, Ziploc bag, coffee cup, and plastic bag. I would add more examples of green samples and have a calculator to let them calculate the difference prices of the green samples and the other stuff. The calculation would have help them know how and how much to save. All

Love and Patriotism Essay Example for Free

Love and Patriotism Essay Patriotism is a frame of mind in which one loves ones country and is proud of it. It is a vigorous feeling of love, loyalty and support for ones country especially in defense against its enemies. It means that one should give more value and importance to ones country than to ones own self. It makes one bound for certain responsibilities, and these responsibilities are ideological commitment and dedication to the defense and prosperity of ones country. Only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country. (Nathan Hale) Man is a social animal. It is hard for him to breathe in isolation. Contact with his fellow beings is inevitable for mutual growth and economic development. Patriotism creates unity among the people for a noble cause and trains them to tolerate one and other and sacrifice for the country. Soldiers die not in hatred but in love. (Anonymous) Patriotism is a virtue that converts a mob into nation. Nations rise and prosper if their individuals are united by a cord of love, sympathy and sincerity. People learn to honor the freedom and independence of their country. They learn that they can prosper and progress if they have a deep natural relation with their country. Birds fly towards their nests, children rush to take refuge in the lap of their mothers and human beings move towards their homes for peace and shelter, and so is our country that gives us protection and peace. It is a sort of heaven for us. We should try our best to make it beautiful, secure, strong and peaceful. Our existence definitely depends on the existence and survival of our dear homeland. We can do so if we have an ultimate faith in our country. We must not undermine our relationship and association which we have with our homeland by birth. Waste no more time arguing about what a good man should be. Be one. (Mareus) Disciplined armed forces, hardworking and skillful craftsmen, diligent and committed women, and ambitious students have only one aim and that is to serve their country. They believe that their personal achievement will benefit not only themselves but also their country. They want to raise the flag of their country because they have a strong sense of patriotism. Love works wonders. Miracles are not beyond us if we are fired with the passion of patriotism. Patriotism fills us with a magnetic force which overcomes all our petty differences of languages and creeds.

Risk Factors Schizophrenia

Risk Factors Schizophrenia The Effect of Perinatal Risk Factors on the Incidence of Schizophrenia Background Developing schizophrenia is dependent on different factors. A person who could possibly develop the illness later in life is faintly unusual in terms of cognitive skills, motor functioning, and social behavior as compared to his or her peers. This states that indicators exist as to whether a person will be vulnerable into being a schizophrenic later in life, as dictated by certain abnormalities that can be observed (Mortensen, 1999 and Dean, 2003). Most of the causes being held accountable for the development of schizophrenia can be traced back to genetic or biological factors and environmental exposure that operated early in life of the individual (Dean, 2003, Khasshan, 2008, Mednick, 1970, and Mortenen, 1999). Evidences regarding the effects of obstetric complications, prenatal illness, misuse of drugs, migration and travel, urbanization, and various life experiences on the onset of schizophrenia in later years in life have been noted. These were even incorporated and represented in causation models that encompass psychological, genetic, environmental, and social elements. These evidences can be used as models for clinical and research purposes of determining the risk of schizophrenia, as they cover a wide range of causative agents (Dalman, 1999 and Dean, 2003). It has been a challenge for researchers to understand the cause of schizophrenia, the etiology of which has brought about several hypotheses (Dean, 2003). Different risk factors affect the incidence of the illness, two of which will be given more attention in this paper. A number of epidemiological studies have indicated an increased risk of developing schizophrenia among people who were exposed to maternal infections such as rubella virus and influenza virus in utero (Westergaard, 1999). Other studies have shown that children who were born during inclement weather have an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. These are supported by researches conducted on a population basis (Mortensen, 1999). Purpose As stated by the study conducted by Mortensen and others (1999), the location and the season of birth of an individual might be important in the development of schizophrenia. Aside from family history, these environmental factors can be associated with the onset of the disorder. Prevalence studies of Westergaard and others (1999) also showed that exposure to prenatal infections might be a factor in the development of schizophrenia later in life. There is, however, a poor evidence of a strong association between development of schizophrenia and exposure to influenza viral infection. This lead the group into determining whether or not prenatal exposure to rubella would indeed be a factor for schizophrenia development. This is in accordance with previous researches that rubella viral infection might be a significant cause for the illness. With all these research supports as foundation for a prospective study, this paper aims to give a sound explanation on how certain factors might affec t the possible development of schizophrenia later in life. This study will focus on two possible causative agents as parameters. The main purpose of this study is to determine if being born in severe weather, such as extreme hot or cold temperatures, or being exposed to the rubella virus in utero is linked to developing schizophrenia later in life. Research Hypothesis We hypothesized that there would be an increase in the incidence of early adult onset schizophrenia among those exposed to the rubella virus in utero and those born in winter months. Literature Review Several studies have been conducted on risk factors for schizophrenia. One study examined the outcome in 70 individuals whose mothers had rubella infections during pregnancy. Rubella is known to cause severe developmental problems in exposed fetuses. These individuals risk of having schizophrenia by the time they reached the mean age of 22 years was five times higher than normal It has been proposed that environmental factors may also be important in determining risk for schizophrenia. A study done by Mortensen and others (1999) showed that the place and season of birth account for many more cases of schizophrenia than family history of the disease, and family history has been the best-established risk factor. The groups study found out that the risk for schizophrenia was highest for births in February and March and lowest for births in August and September. Another study conducted by Mortensen and others (1999) concluded that schizophrenia was positively associated with birth in late winter. On the other hand, Hultman and others (1999) emphasized the evidences shown by neuropathological researches that the aberrations caused by pathogen invasion disrupt proper brain development. This in turn contributes to the onset of schizophrenia that might even be developed earlier in life than expected. This proposed hypothesis can be associated with the link between obstetric complications and schizophrenia, as both are dependent on risks brought about by prenatal infections, which in turn are connected with neurodevelopment of an individual. Theoretical Framework The physiological framework of this study is based on the notion that conditions during pregnancy have an effect on the fetus psychological development, specifically, the impact of season of birth and exposure to the rubella virus. The prenatal conditions of an individual have a direct effect on the persons future genetic and phenotypic make-up. The most important contribution of the obstetric development lies on the possible alterations on the genes of the individual. Exposure to such abnormalities has a considerable intervention with the normal functioning of the brain (Khasshan, 2008). This means that exposure to infections such as rubella virus has a meaningful link to schizophrenia development of the individual exposed to the pathogen in its prenatal stage. This is serves as one of the backbones of this study, as it is the foundational basis whether the link between congenital exposure to rubella and schizophrenia onset has reliable evidence. After the study which dwells more on the biological or genetic factors, the study will consider the environmental elements that can also be potential risk factors for the disorder. It has been established that the over-all make-up of an individual lies on genetic and environmental factors. The second part or backbone of the study concerns the environmental exposure effects as dictated by season of birth. This can be of importance since extreme weathers might affect a mother psychologically and physically, thereby creating an impact on the life inside her womb. Being born on extreme hot and cold weather can hence be linked to the development of schizophrenia later in life of an individual (Mortensen and others, 1999). Significance and Need for the Study The proposed study is important due to the health and psychological concerns of schizophrenia. Being a disorder which affects the entire lifestyle of the affected individual, it is of great significance to research about the etiology of the disease (Dean, 2003). Prenatal exposure to rubella viral infection might be a cause of the onset of schizophrenia, as well as the environmental effect of being born on an extreme season. Knowledge on these prenatal risk factors can contribute additional information on how to prevent schizophrenia development in an individual. References: Dean, K., Bramon, E., Murray, R., (2003). The cause of schizophrenia:neurodevelopment and other risk factors. Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 9(6), 442-454. Dalman, C., Allebeck, P., Cullberg, J., Grunewald, C., Koster, M. (1999). Obstretric complications and the risk of schizophrenia: A longitudinal study of a national birth cohort. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 281,p. 2170. Hultman, C.M., et al. (1999). Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for schizophrenia, affective psychosis, and reactive psychosis of early onset: case-control study. British Medical Journal, (318), p 421. Khasshan, A., Abel, K., McNamee, R., Pedersen, M., Webb. Baker, P., et al. (2008). Higher Risk of Offspring Schizophrenia Following Antenatal Maternal Exposure to Severe Adverse Life Events. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(2), 146-152. Mednick, S. (1970). Breakdown in individual at high risk for schizophrenia: possible predispositional perinatal factors. Mental Hygiene, 54(1), 50-63. Mortensen, P., Pedersen, C., Westergaad, T., Wohlfahrt, J., Ewald, H., et al. (1999). Effects of family history and place and season of birth on the risk of schizophrenia. The Journal of the American Medical Association, (281), p. 1254. Ross, R. G., et al. (1996). Early expression of smooth-pursuit eye movement abnormalities in children of schizophrenic parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, (35), p. 941. Sorensen, H., Mortensen, E., Reinisch, J., Mednick, S. (2004). Association between prenatal exposure to analgesic and risk of schizophrenia, British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 366-371. Westergaard, T., Mortensen, P., Pedersen, C., Wohfahrt, J., Melbye, M. (1999). Exposure to prenatal and childhood infections and the risk of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, (56), p. 993-998.